Who created the Qarardad-e-Pakistan?

Who created the Qarardad-e-Pakistan?

Last month, compatriots celebrated "Pakistan Day" with traditional enthusiasm. On this day, seventy years ago, our elders brought a resolution in which the British government and Hindu leaders were convinced that the Muslims living in India are a "nation", not a minority! Therefore, independent states should be formed in the Muslim-majority areas so that they can freely practice their religious beliefs and customs. The Muslims of India started the Tehreek-e-Azadi Pakistan in the light of this resolution and succeeded in achieving their goal seven years later.

On the occasion of Pakistan Day, various TV channels showed programs in which intellectuals, historians, and thinkers participated. Famous historian Dr. Mubarak Ali also attended a program. During the conversation, he said that it was Chaudhry Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, the author of the Pakistan Resolution, who recorded it at the request of the British Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow. Later, on April 1, he published a letter in a contemporary newspaper. It is as follows: “The Lahore (Pakistan) Resolution was an insignificant document which, after the establishment of Pakistan, began to present a fascinating story. The resolution is the brainchild of a British viceroy who wrote to one of his ministers (Zafarullah Khan). All this information is available on the Internet. State historians have distorted the facts. "

Coincidentally, my son was also sitting with me watching a TV program. The next day he had a paper on "Study Pakistan" in the matriculation examination. When I heard Dr. Mubarak Ali's claim, he started asking me, “Papa! The resolution of Pakistan was written by Zafarullah Khan. Who are these? There is something else written in our book. ”He told his son that Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (1893-1985) was a great lawyer. He was the first foreign minister of Pakistan. But it is not clear whether he is the creator of the Lahore resolution. Then he thought that by researching this subject, the truth should be conveyed to the new generation of the beloved homeland.

Respected Dr. Mubarak Ali had hinted that "there is a lot of information on the Internet." So the first time the modern talisman entered Hosharba where Google has become a beacon of age and quality. Just give him an order, in the blink of an eye. As soon as the Pakistan resolution was written, the Wikipedia article "Lahore Resolution" came to light. And indeed it was stated at the very beginning that the resolution of Pakistan was created by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan.

The article also reads that Lord Linlithgow had ordered him to write a resolution that could protect the interests of the British government. I was surprised to read the text of Wikipedia. After looking at the reference, it was revealed that this claim was made by the famous politician, the late Wali Khan in his English book "Facts are facts: The claim is based on a letter sent by the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, to Lord Zetland, India Secretary (ie, Minister for Indian Affairs in the British Government), The Untold Story of India's Partition, first published in 1987.

Was written in the name of The book that Rakim got from the net mentions where Wali Khan saw the letter and where it is now. Mentioning the letter without quoting is such that someone started hitting tomcats in the air. After searching the dust of the internet, it was revealed that all the writings in which Sir Zafarullah Khan has been described as the creator of the Pakistan Resolution, have been used as a reference. Khan Sahib's book has been recorded. Nachiz is also interested in history because he has been interested in reading history books since childhood. Hundreds of history book in the late father's library and other libraries have licked like termites. Studying the history of the world is still my favorite pastime. Decided that without history

Background Get to know the brief background of the resolution at the beginning so that the political scenario of the time comes to mind. Fed up with the differences between the Muslim leaders, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah moved to London in 1930. However, acknowledging the Quaid's abilities, he kept urging the Muslim League leaders to return to India. Finally, in April 1934, the Quaid returned and set out to make the Muslim League the representative party of the Muslims of India. In 1937, for the first time in the history of British India, provincial elections were held in eleven provinces in which the people voted in droves. In this election, the Muslim League did not show impressive performance in any province except Bengal. Although it emerged as the second-largest political party in India, the defeat revealed that the Muslim League is not a representative party of Indian Muslims. As a result, disillusionment spread among the Muslim League workers and even the future of the party looked bleak.

In the elections, the Congress won a landslide victory and formed its governments in the remaining eight provinces (NWFP, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Bombay, Madras, Orissa, and Assam) besides Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. Provinces (Uttar Pradesh), Bihar, and Maharashtra began to show their true colors. He made "Hindi" the official language of the provinces. Implement the "Vidya Mandir Scheme" and "Wardha Scheme" in schools to make the education system Hindu. The most provocative song in schools was "Bande Mataram" as the national anthem. Put obstacles in the way of cow slaughter. Therefore, the Congress governments proved by their actions that if the British gave up the running of India to the Hindus and left, they would turn the state into "Hindu Raj". Realizing the danger of Hindu Raj coming to India, the Muslim League The Muslims began to consider adopting a strategy that would protect the rights of Muslims in India

First it was necessary to tell the British and the Hindus that there is a third power in India, the Muslims. Thus, on October 10, 1938, the Sindh Muslim League Conference was held in Karachi. It passed the resolution for the first time: "Muslims are a separate nation and India is inhabited by not one but two nations. Therefore, the Muslim League should come up with a scheme that would bring freedom and sovereignty to the Muslims of India. ”The resolution was moved by Sheikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi while the President of the Sindh Muslim League, Abdullah Haroon, played a key role in its preparation. At that time Muslims were in the majority in Sindh, Balochistan, NWFP, and Kashmir. They also settled in large numbers in Punjab, Bengal, and the United Provinces. The rest of the provinces were more or less inhabited by Muslims. The question before Quaid-e-Azam and other Muslim League leaders first was how to ensure the protection of the rights of all Muslims living in India. Should Muslims form a federal government with Hindus in which they also have parallel power? Or become separate states or states of Muslim-majority provinces? Or implement a federation in which the provinces are independent and the federal government only

The Muslim League formed two committees to consider the above questions. The first committee, the Foreign Affairs Committee, was formed on December 4, 1938. The Committee was entrusted with the task of formulating the policies of the Muslim League regarding India and abroad. The Chairman of the Committee was Abdullah Haroon. Other members included Sarshahnawaz Mamdoot, Pir Muhammad Ali Rashdi, Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr, Maulana Irfanullah, Dr Syed Abdul Latif, Syed Rizwanullah, Dr. Afzal Hussain Qadri and Syed Akhtar Hussain.

The second committee, the Constituent Assembly (Constitutional Sub-Committee), came into being on March 26, 1939. He was given the responsibility to compile a report after reviewing the various constitutional schemes and proposals that have come to light so far (after the fall of the British government) to form a future government. The members of the committee included Quaid-e-Azam, Nawab Ismail Khan, Abdullah Haroon, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Sarsakander Hayat Khan, Abdul Matin Chaudhry, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan, and Syed Abdul Aziz. Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed convener of the committee.

Now, these two committees began to think and research to devise a scheme that could protect the interests of Indian Muslims in the future. The first question in this regard was how to protect the Muslim minority from the domination of the Hindu majority? Hindu-Muslim differences were not a new phenomenon, but they intensified in the eighteenth century when the British took over the reins of India. He devised a policy of fighting Hindus and Muslims to strengthen his government. Thus, by the end of the nineteenth century, Hindu-Muslim differences had taken root in Indian society. On August 23, 1890, the famous writer and novelist, Maulana Abdul Haleem Scherer, wrote in the editorial of his magazine "Tahzeeb": "The time has come when Muslims can no longer perform their religious rites freely.

In this world, it is better to divide India into Hindu and Muslim provinces and exchange it for the population. ”Earlier, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan had also said that India is inhabited by two nations, Muslims and Hindus! It is clear from the books written that the Foreign Affairs Council and the Constitutional Council continue to work together in general. The two committees reviewed various schemes including "Aligarh Scheme" (Dr. Zafarul Hassan and Dr. Afzal Hussain Qadri), "Federal State of Cultural Regions for India" (Dr. Syed Abdul Latif), "Indian Federation Scheme". (Sarsakander Hayat Khan), "Chaudhry Rehmat Ali's Scheme" and "Unity of India" (Major Mian Kifayat Ali) are notable.

The beginning of World War II

Consideration was being given to devising a comprehensive scheme as a global event revolutionized Indian politics. On September 1, 1939, World War II broke out. On September 3, the British Indian government also declared war on Germany. No advice was sought from the Congress while making this announcement. Congress leaders called it their humiliation and in October 1939 abolished all provincial governments. At the behest of Quaid-e-Azam on the overthrow of the Congress governments, Muslims celebrated "Salvation Day" on December 22, 1939. The British had been patrons of the Hindus for the last one hundred years. Due to his patronage, Hindus became the most powerful nation in the society politically, economically and socially. But this power also made them arrogant and conceited. As the British rulers settled some issues above, the Congress Hindu leaders came under fire. Now they began to force the British to hand over the government of India to them. Go The Congress made it a condition of cooperation with the British government that power would be handed over to it after the end of the war.

However, as soon as the Second World War broke out, the Muslims of India also became important in the eyes of the British rulers. The reason is that Muslims or Sikhs were included in the British Indian Army! The war required more troops, especially from the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and NWFP. So now he could not risk offending the Muslims. By then, the Muslim League had formed an alliance with the Unionist Party, the largest local party in Punjab. Although many Muslim League leaders were not happy with the alliance, it turned the Muslim League into the most important political party in Muslim India.

In the changing environment of the Second World War, Lord Linlithgow now began to pay more attention to the demands and points of the Quaid-e-Azam. Quaid-e-Azam had said many times that Britain's "one man one vote" parliamentary and democratic system could not work in India. The reason for the opposition was obvious. In this system, the Hindu majority would dominate the Muslim minority in every field (a process that has arisen in India). Quaid-e-Azam agreed.

Scheme Preparation

Both the committees of the Muslim League were considering various schemes for the future of India. Now Quaid-e-Azam wanted to adopt a unified strategy as soon as possible so that the fight for the rights of the Muslims of India could be intensified. Under his direction, the Foreign Affairs Committee became active. On February 1, 1940, the members of the committee met with the creators of the various schemes. ۔

In Delhi, from 3 to 6 February 1940, the working committee of the Muslim League met for four consecutive days. Remember, it was the most powerful institution of the Muslim League. Twenty-one leaders were its permanent members. When an annual meeting of the Muslim League was held, the day before, the same working committee would be transformed into a "subject selection committee" with the addition of three or four members. It was this Majlis that gave the final approval to the text of the resolutions presented at the Annual Meeting. After the Working Committee, the Muslim League Council was the second most important subsidiary. It had about five hundred members who were elected from different Indian provinces according to the Muslim population. After that, the delegates (Daily Gates) of the annual meeting of the Muslim League were important. There were about five thousand of them. The resolution passed by these three sub-agencies would have become an inescapable fact.

As the Working Committee met in early February 1940, it considered the Foreign Affairs Note. This note is now called "Abdullah Haroon Scheme" in the history of Pakistan. It introduced the concept of "independent Muslim state" by describing the Muslims of India as "one nation". Noorani, Quarterly Criterion Islamabad, Volume III, Number Four) Moreover, all the other schemes were also looked at and their strengths and weaknesses were discussed. In fact, the annual meeting of the Muslim League was being held in Lahore next month. All the leaders, including Quaid-e-Azam, wanted the "Muslim League Scheme" to be announced at the meeting. So much work was being done on its preparation.

On the morning of March 21, Quaid-e-Azam and his companions reached Lahore. "The Muslim League is about to make a historic announcement at its annual meeting," he told reporters at the railway station. An article by Dr. Farooq Ahmad Dar, Assistant Professor of History at Quaid-e-Azam University, "Jinnah and the Lahore Resolution" is available on the net, which was published in a journal of the Punjab University, Lahore. In it,

Dr. Sahib claimed that it was decided in the same meeting that the responsibility of preparing the Muslim League scheme ie Lahore resolution was given to Quaid-e-Azam and the Prime Minister of Punjab, Sarsakander Hayat Khan. Since Quaid-e-Azam was very busy, the initial text of the same resolution was prepared by Sir Alexander. The error of this claim is that Dr. Sahib did not give any references. In the meeting of March 21, the election of four new members of the Electoral Council took place. An open meeting of the Muslim League was held on the afternoon of March 22 Delegates also attended. Interestingly, when Sarsakander was mentioned in the meeting, many delegates started criticizing him. He was so frightened that he walked out of the back door of the venue (quoting "lamp of memories" by Abdullah Malik). On the evening of March 22, a meeting of the Electoral Council was held at Mamdoot Villa. The details of this meeting have been described by some leaders of Tehreek-e-Pakistan in their books and articles.

However, the most detailed statement was written by Syed Shamsul Hassan (1892-1981). Syed Sahib was the secretary of the Muslim League from 1914 to 1947. All the day-to-day organizational activities of the party were carried out through him. Syed Shams-ul-Hassan has written in his memoirs published in various newspapers and magazines: “Various schemes were reviewed in the meeting of the Electoral Council and various constitutional issues were discussed which were mentioned by Quaid-e-Azam in his speech.

 In the end, it was decided that the working committee should prepare the text of the resolution so that it could be submitted to the selection committee for approval later. As time was short, a working committee meeting was held that night. After a long discussion there, the contents of the resolution were prepared. In the end, the working committee assigned Liaquat Ali Khan, Nawab Ismail Khan, and Malik Barkat Ali to write the text of the Lahore resolution. Malik Barkat Ali wrote the text.

Other Muslim League leaders write in their writings that the text was in English which was translated into Urdu by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan. It was midnight when this work was done. The next morning, at ten o'clock, the second meeting of the selection committee was held. Then some more changes were made in the text. The general meeting of the Muslim League was held on the same day in the afternoon. In it, the Lahore resolution was formally presented to the people and properties which is now called the Pakistan resolution.


The resolution is evident from the history of Pakistan that it was created using the ideas, thoughts and concepts of eminent scholars and political figures; no single person can be called its creator! There was no work. Muslims living in Muslim-majority provinces and Muslim-minority provinces had their own specific needs. Therefore, the Muslim League leaders had a heavy responsibility to formulate a resolution that would look after the interests of all Muslims. Due to the hard work, some ambiguities remained in the resolution which later raised issues. And this is the reason why the text of the resolution was changed many times under the changing and new requirements. However, under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam, the Muslim League leader must have succeeded in taking the first concrete step in the form of the Lahore Resolution to secure the future of the Muslims of India. The resolution revealed to the world:

1.  Muslims in India are one nation.
2.   Due to the specific religious, political, and social conditions in India, the British democratic system cannot function successfully.
3.   Independent states should be formed in the Muslim-majority Indian provinces.
4.  In the provinces of India where Muslims are in the minority, their rights should be fully protected.

Is Sir Alexander the Creator?

Some historians have called Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan the creator of the Lahore Resolution. They forget that in their federal scheme, the concept of independent Muslim states was Angka, but all Muslim states were subject to the federation which was to be occupied by Hindus after independence. Sir Alexander presented his scheme in April 1939.

The leader of Tehreek-e-Pakistan, Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada writes in the chapter "Jinnah, the Two Nation theory and the demand for Pakistan" in the chapter of his book "Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan". Sarsakander was ordered to present his scheme so that it could be presented in the working committee of the Muslim League as opposed to the Abdullah Haroon scheme. In this regard, Pirzada Sahib has presented the letter of the Governor of Punjab to the Viceroy of India as evidence. This revelation makes it clear that Sarsakander was a British agent who continued to do his best to protect the interests of his masters even after joining the Muslim League.

Chaudhry Khaliq-ul-Zaman, a member of the working committee of the Muslim League and a well-known politician, writes in his autobiography "Shahra-e-Pakistan": But after two hours of deliberations, the scheme was rejected with Jinnah's support.

It is clear from the facts that earlier Sir Alexander took part in the preparation of the Lahore Resolution at the behest of the British rulers or of his own free will. ۔ When the PML-N's working committee rejected his scheme, he became indifferent to the Lahore resolution. He was not present at the general meeting on March 23. Sarsakander was against the Muslim League at home anyway. He tried his best to prevent the Muslim League from gaining a foothold in Punjab. Speaking in the Punjab Assembly on March 11, 1941, Sarsakander himself had said, "In the resolution I prepared (Lahore), The working committee brought about revolutionary changes.

Therefore, there was a big difference between my resolution and the one that was passed. ”(Reference Lahore Resolution and the question of provincial autonomy by Prof. Sharif Al-Mujahid, Daily Business Recorder, March 23, 2007)

The story of Sarzafarullah Khan dates back to
December 1981. Prominent politician Wali Khan, in an interview with Lahore's popular weekly "Chitan", claimed that the Pakistan resolution was the brainchild of Sarzafarullah Khan and that the British Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow. This resolution was written by him. Later, Wali Khan made this claim a part of his English book which has already been mentioned above.

Upon my instruction, Zafarullah wrote a memorandum on the subject. Two Dominion States. I have already sent it to your attention. I have also asked him for further clarification, which, he says, is forthcoming. He is anxious, however, that no one should find out that he has prepared this plan. He has, however, given me the right to do with it what I like, including sending a copy to you. Copies have been passed on to Jinnah, and, I think, to Sir Akbar Hydari. While he, Zafarullah, cannot admit its authorship, his document has been prepared for adoption by the Muslim League with a view to giving it the fullest publicity.

The letter reveals that at the behest of the British rulers, a prominent figure with a controversial religious background wrote the resolution that became the Muslim League's "Magna Carta" in the context of the Pakistan Movement. But the facts reveal something else. When Wali Khan's interview was published in the weekly Chitan, there was a stir across the country and intellectuals began to present their views. To find out the truth, Pakistan Times, Rawalpindi published an interview with Sarzafarullah Khan on February 13, 1982, who was then alive. In this interview, Sir Zafarullah claimed that he had written the note voluntarily. In the same interview, a letter from Lord Linlithgow to the India Secretary was also published, the text of which was provided to the newspaper by Zafarullah Khan. See:

‘I sent by the last bag a copy of Zafarullah’s note on dominion Status which I remarked purported to be a statement of the position from the extremer point of view. I introduced that qualification because I have not at that time had an opportunity of discussing its precise nature with him and certain of the propositions contained in it were likely to appear formally under the name of a Member of my council, might, I think, have justified a description in those terms.

I asked him yesterday to put me a little more in the picture, and he told me first that this is a first draft only; secondly, that, provided he is protected on that point and the paper is not used publicly, I may do what I like with it, including sending a copy to you; thirdly that copies have been passed to Jinnah and I think to Hydari and fourthly that while he, Zafarullah cannot of course admit its authorship, his document has been prepared for adoption by the Muslim League with a view to its being given the fullest publicity.I cannot claim even yet to have had time to absorb it fully, and I would prefer to suspend my comments on it until later. But it is a substantial and trenchant piece of work and I shall be greatly interested in your own reaction to it.

There is a clear difference between the letter given in Wali Khan's book and the letter above. This shows that Wali Khan distorted the text of the letter to prove his claim to be true, which is a kind of scientific dishonesty.

Prominent modern historian, Dr. Ayesha Jalal has discussed Sir Zafarullah Khan's note in detail in her English book "The Sole Spokesman" written on Hayat-e-Qaeda. Since they are not counted among the "state historians", Dr. Sahib's thoughts are important. In the second chapter of the book "Jinnah and the League's search for survival", Dr. Sahiba writes:

In mid-February 1940, Zafarullah Khan sent his note to the Viceroy of India. He mentioned three schemes in it. The first scheme was similar to the Chaudhry Rehmat Ali scheme, which he described as "very impractical". The second was the "federal scheme." Under this, he proposed the establishment of Islamic states that are subordinate to the federation. The third was the "separation scheme". Under this, two Islamic states of Muslim-majority provinces would be established. Jinnah saw this note. It may also have been presented in the Muslim League Working Committee. But both of Sarzafarullah's schemes were not accepted. Under the federal scheme, both Islamic states would be in need of the British (or Hindus) in many respects. In the secession scheme, Muslims living in Muslim minority provinces were left helpless. Moreover, Jinnah wanted a strong center (federation) in the Islamic states (or states) to avoid the pitfalls of extreme provincial autonomy.

It seems that the Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim League Working Committee have reviewed Sir Zafarullah Khan's note and may have used some points. But eventually it was made part of the rest of the scheme. This note is preserved in the Linlithgow Papers. Its number is MSS EUR, F / 125/9. Also included is a letter from Lord Linlithgow dated March 12, 1940. Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. The official correspondence of the Lord, meanwhile, is in the British Library under the name Linlithgow Papers.

It is quite possible that when the Muslim League demanded schemes from the intellectuals, Sarzafarullah also prepared a scheme and sent it. It is also possible that the British government, like Sarsakander, used Sarzafarullah as an agent to dominate the Muslim League Working Committee. In the end, the interests of the British were well protected in Sarzafarullah's basic scheme.

In 2005, the book "Punjab Politics, Strains of War" by British historian Lionel Carter was published. It contains the correspondence of the Governor of Punjab and Viceroy of India from 1940 to 1943. On March 25, 1940, the Governor of the Punjab, Sir Henry Creek, sent this letter to the Viceroy of India.

This morning I met Member (Punjab) Assembly, Pir Akbar Ali. He belongs to the Ahmadi sect. He (Muslim League) did not attend the meeting of the Electoral Affairs Committee, but others told him that Sir Alexander had given a long speech. Akbar Ali told me two important things. The first is that Ahmadis consider the Khaksar movement to be very dangerous. That is why no Ahmadi became part of the movement. Secondly, the sectarian leader has banned Ahmadis from joining the Muslim League. I myself have only been allowed to be part of the Unionist Party for six months. ”

It is clear from the letter that at the time when the Lahore resolution was passed, Mirza Bashir-ud-Din had kept his followers away from the Muslim League. It is as if Sir Zafarullah did not prepare the note himself but received this instruction from the British government as he was a Minister (Member) in the Viceroy's Cabinet (Executive Council). Moreover, he had a good relationship with Jinnah.

In 1971, Lahore-based publishing house Nigarshat published an English book, Selected Speeches and Statements of Mian Iftikhar-ud-din. This is a selection of speeches by the famous socialist political leader, Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din, delivered by the late Abdullah Malik, a renowned writer and journalist. On page 103 is recorded the speech of Mian Sahib which he delivered in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. See the excerpt here:

"I am happy to announce that Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan is leaving. Members of the Assembly would like to congratulate him on the rumor that he is being awarded the Eisenhower Prize and the Churchill Medal. The reason is that they have very successfully made their country a permanent slave to British colonialism and the emerging US monarchy, albeit not in public. They no longer need to control our foreign affairs because in the future our foreign ministry will be Angka. Our foreign affairs will be controlled by the British as well as the Americans. Now these great powers have entrusted Sir Zafarullah with the responsibility of enslaving other Islamic countries as well. Sir Zafarullah is an experienced man. Then he has gained a lot of respect by representing the largest Islamic state in international affairs. So they will fulfill the trust of their masters and of course their misfortune

It may be recalled that Sir Zafarullah was the Foreign Minister of Pakistan from December 27, 1947 to October 24, 1954. He then joined the International Court of Justice as a judge. The above speech was made on this occasion in 1954. All Pakistanis are aware of the hypocrisy of the International Court of Justice in resolving the issues facing the Islamic world.

On November 9, 2011, Majid Sheikh published an article in the daily Dawn entitled "Two ends of Ravi Road and how our freedom fared". In it, the author presents the idea: Lord Linlithgow did not agree with the scheme proposed by the Muslim League Working Committee. He wanted to divide India into three parts; Hindu, Muslim, and imperial states. Therefore, he directed Sarzafarullah Khan to come up with a new scheme. When the Secretary of India approved his scheme, it was presented in the form of the Lahore Resolution on March 23, 1940.

”The fault of this view is that the author did not make any reference. Surprisingly, how did a reputable newspaper like Dawn publish a very important article without quotations? refer to. The question is, if such documents exist, they should come to light. Indian historians want Pakistan to be considered a creation of the British, but their books do not explicitly mention that

Now let's talk about Wikipedia. This net encyclopedia has allowed everyone to edit their texts. The text of the Pakistan Resolution is a telling proof of this fact.