Birth and the beginning of life Allam Iqbal
Allama Iqbal was born on November 9, 1877 (according to 3 Dhikada 1294 AH) in the city of Sialkot in India in the house of Sheikh Noor Muhammad. His parents named him Muhammad Iqbal. After Iqbal's conversion to Islam, his ancestors migrated from Kashmir to Sialkot in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century and settled in the fields.
Sheikh Noor Muhammad was a religious man. He considered religious education to be enough for his son. Most of the local scholars of Sialkot had friendly ceremonies. When Iqbal reached the age of consciousness, he took him to Maulana Ghulam Hassan who used to teach in the mosque of Shawana. Sheikh Noor Mohammad had to come and go there. From here, Iqbal's education began. According to the constitution, it started with the Holy Quran. For almost a year, a famous scholar of the city, Maulana Syed Mir Hassan, came here.
I saw a child sitting and saw the first glimmer of greatness and happiness shining from his face. Whose child is he? When he found out, he got up and started walking towards Sheikh Noor Mohammad. The two were close acquaintances. Maulana urged not to confine his son to the madrassa. Modern education is also very important in this. He wished that Iqbal should be given in his training. For a few days, Sheikh Noor Mohammad was left behind. But when the insistence from the other side increased, Iqbal was handed over to Mir Hassan. His school was in Kocha Mir Hussamuddin near the house of Sheikh Noor Mohammad. Here Iqbal started studying Urdu, Persian, and Arabic literature. Three years have passed. Meanwhile, Syed Mir Hassan also started teaching at the Scotch Mission School.
Iqbal also entered there but the old routine remained in place. If they came from school, they would reach the service of the teacher. Mir Hassan was a memorial to the great teachers for whom life had only one purpose: Reading and teaching. But this reading and teaching is not just the name of reading a book. In those good times, Ustad used to be a murshid. Mir Hassan used to do the same. He was aware of all Islamic sciences and had a good eye on modern sciences. He also specialized in literature, logic, linguistics, and mathematics. When teaching the students, they used to adopt literary colors so that the knowledge would not be confined to the memory but would become a form of feeling. There were thousands of Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi poems. If a poem had to be opened, twenty synonyms would be recited.
Maulana's teaching activities were very busy but he did not make up his study routine. He was also a memorizer and lover of the Qur'an. Among the students he was called Shah Sahib. The human relationship was very close. He was extremely kind, simple, content, mature, humble, and good-natured. It was a daily routine to go to the graveyard after Fajr prayers and recite Fatiha on the graves of loved ones and friends. When they finished, they would find the students waiting. The way back would be cut short by listening and giving lessons. This process continued even after reaching home, even after walking to school.
The students stayed together. Taught in school all day. In the evening he would come home with the students, then the lesson would continue till night. He loved Iqbal very much. He himself was a sacrifice to the teacher. Most of the elements that seem to be the main driving force in the overall formation of Iqbal's personality are the charisma of Shah Sahib's companionship and education. Syed Mir Hassan was a great believer in Sir Syed. To the Aligarh movement
Under his influence, Iqbal's love for Sir Syed was created in his heart which remained till the end despite some differences. The benevolent spirit of the Muslims was the thing of Khair Iqbal's house, but Mir Hassan's training gave this spirit a scientific and practical direction. Iqbal was far ahead of his peers in understanding and intelligence. From childhood, he had the same enthusiasm and immersion that is found in adults. But they were not bookworms. When a person becomes addicted to books, he becomes a mere mental being. There is a gap between life and it. Life's facts and experiences are simply frozen in the brain, not part of the warm blood. He was also fond of sports. They also joked like children.
There were many answers. Sheikh Noor Mohammad would see all this but would not forbid it. We knew that in this way, adaptation and sincerity are created with things that are very necessary and useful. Iqbal's childhood is one Passed with natural openness and simplicity. Nature bestowed on him a Sufi father and a learned teacher, which united his heart and mind. This is what drives Iqbal's rare combination of feeling and thought. The fact that the heartfelt blessings of the father had made him feel was also revealed in detail by the teacher's teachings. At the age of sixteen, Iqbal passed the matriculation examination. The first division came and got a medal and stipend.
Intermediate classes had also started at the Scotch Mission School, so Iqbal did not have to go anywhere else for the FA, stay there, this is the time when his poetry begins regularly. Thus, his appropriateness to poetry was evident from his childhood. Sometimes he used to adapt himself to poetry, but he was not serious about it, nor did he tell or protect anyone. Write and tear up and throw away. But now poetry was no longer just a hobby for them but a necessity of the soul. At that time, the whole subcontinent was resounding with the name of Dagh. His miraculous grasp of the Urdu language in particular was acknowledged by everyone.
Iqbal needed a grip. The student application sent in writing which was accepted. But this process of reform did not last long. Dag Jagat was a teacher. Like many forms of Urdu poetry as there were in United India, the pen of the stain was at the forefront in their carving. But this color was also new to them. Although At the time, the distinctive feature of Iqbal's speech had not been revealed, but the stains became clear from his unparalleled insight that this diamond could not be carved. He dismissed it saying that there was no room for improvement. But Iqbal was always proud of this short discipleship. The same thing happened with the stain.
Education
On May 6, 1893, Iqbal matriculated and in 1895, Iqbal did his FA and came to Lahore for further studies. Here he enrolled in BA class in Government College and started living in a hostel. Choose English, Philosophy and Arabic subjects for yourself. He studied English and Philosophy in Government College and went to Oriental College to study Arabic where Maulana Faizul Hassan Saharanpuri was such an unparalleled teacher. Until then, Oriental College was housed in a part of the Government College building, and the two colleges continued to collaborate and collaborate on certain subjects. In 1898, Iqbal passed BA and MA (Philosophy). Professor TW Arnold came here. Who went on to determine the final course of Iqbal's scholarly and intellectual life.
He passed the MA examination in March 1899 and came first in the whole of Punjab. During this time, poetry continued to flow, but did not go to poetry. One evening in November 1899, some sincere classmates dragged him to the house of Hakim Aminuddin for a poetry recital. Large coinage teachers, including a large number of students, were present. There was also a crowd of listeners. Since Iqbal was brand new, he was called a beginner. He started reciting ghazals when he came across this poem:
The glorious pearl of understanding chose the
drops of the dead sweat
So good teachers jumped. Helpless, they began to pay tribute. From here, Iqbal's fame as a poet began. Invocations began to be invited. It was at this time that the Anjuman-e-Hamaat-e-Islam was formed which lasted till the end. He used to deliver his speech in his national and welfare meetings and unite the people. Iqbal's popularity made many of the association's tasks easier. At least among the Muslims of Punjab, a sense of religious unity began to emerge at the social level in which Iqbal's poetry played a pivotal role.
After completing his MA, Iqbal was appointed McLeod Arabic Reader at Oriental College on May 13, 1899. That same year, Arnold became the acting principal of the college. Iqbal stayed at Oriental College for about four years. However, in between, he took a six-month leave and studied English at Government College. He wanted to go to Canada or the United States for higher education, but at Arnold's request he chose England and Germany for that purpose. When Arnold returned to England in 1904, Iqbal felt his distance was immense. The heart said to fly to England. During his four-year teaching career at Oriental College, Iqbal summarized and translated Stubbs' "Early Pleasures" and Walker's "Political Economy" into Urdu. He wrote a short book in Urdu called "Economics" which was published in 1904. Urdu
Iqbal's tenure as an Arabic reader at the Oriental College ended, and in 1903 Iqbal was appointed to the Government College as an assistant professor of English. Later he went into the field of philosophy. He continued teaching there until on October 1, 1905, he took a three-year leave to go to Europe.
Higher education and travel to Europe
On December 25, 1905, Allama Iqbal went to England for higher studies and enrolled at Cambridge University Trinity College, where he was admitted to the college as a Research Scholar. ۔ Arranged accommodation outside the college. Just over a month after coming here, Lincoln joined the bar for a barrister. And guidance from distinguished teachers such as Professor Brown. He later moved to Germany, where he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Munich.
Sir Abdul Qadir was also here. At the same time, Cambridge's teachers included Whitehead, Meg Tigert, Ward, Brown, and Nicholson. Iqbal had a close relationship with Meg Taggart and Nicholson, but with Nicholson, an equal friendship and sincerity developed. Meg Tigert taught Kant and Hegel's philosophy at Trinity College. He himself was one of the great philosophers of England. Brown and Nicholson were fluent in Arabic and Persian. Nicholson later translated Iqbal's Persian Masnavi "Israr Khodi" into English, which although Iqbal did not like completely, it caused a partial introduction to Iqbal's name and work in English-speaking European poetic and intellectual circles. Definitely done. Even after coming from England, Iqbal's correspondence with Meg Tigert and Nicholson continued.
Arnold, who was not at Cambridge, taught Arabic at the University of London, but Iqbal visited him regularly. In each case, they have seized it, despite obstacles we can scarcely imagine. " At his request, P. at the University of Munich. H. Registered for D After completing his BA from Cambridge, he moved to Heidelberg in July 1907. In order to learn German and prepare for the oral exam for his dissertation at the University of Munich, which was in the same language. Spent four months here. He had already submitted his dissertation entitled "The Evolution of Metaphysics in Iran". The stage of an oral examination was still in progress, and he passed it with a bang. On November 4, 1907, the University of Munich awarded him a doctorate. This article was first published in 1908 in London. The attribution was to Arnold.
As soon as he got his doctorate, he returned to London. Started preparing for the final barrister exams. After a few months, all the exams were completed. The result was July 1908. Declared successful. After that they did not stay in England anymore, they returned home.
During his stay in London, Iqbal also started a series of lectures on various topics, such as Islamic mysticism, the influence of Muslims on European civilization, Islamic democracy, Islam, and the human intellect. Unfortunately, there is no record of any of them. Once Arnold went on a long leave, Iqbal was appointed professor of Arabic at the University of London for a few months.
In May 1908, when the British Committee of the All India Muslim League was inaugurated in London, Syed Amir Ali was elected chairman of the committee, and Iqbal was nominated as a member of the working committee.
At the same time, he decided to give up poetry, but at the request of Arnold and his close friend Sheikh Abdul Qadir, he gave up. Poetry in Persian also began in this period.
During the establishment of Europe, Iqbal's two main ideas began to change. Iqbal was inclined towards nationalism and unity of existence. Now he was turning to avoid inclination. In particular, they were so opposed to the ideology of nationalism that it would be more accurate to call it hatred.
Arriving in Europe, he had the opportunity to see first-hand the various concepts of Western civilization and its spirit. He was never intimidated by the West, neither before nor after he arrived in Europe. On the contrary, without turning a blind eye to the intellectual, economic, political and psychological dominance of the West, they began to think in a broader context to reclaim the past rise of the Muslim Ummah in the global context. Even the hidden Buddhism of Western thought and civilization was revealed to them.
He left for his homeland in July 1908. Arrived in Delhi on the night of July 25, 1908 via Bombay.
Teaching, advocacy and social services
Initially, after completing his MA, he taught at Oriental College, Lahore, but he took up barrister permanently. Along with advocacy, he also wrote poetry and took an active part in political movements. In 1922, he received the title of Head of Government. Iqbal was also the honorary president of Anjuman-e-Hamaat-e-Islam.
Iqbal came to Lahore in August 1908. A month and a half later, the Chief Court started practicing law in Punjab. A few days had passed in this profession that M. A. He was offered a professorship of philosophy at O College Aligarh and a history professor at Government College Lahore, but Iqbal considered advocacy appropriate for him and apologized to both institutions. However, at the request and insistence of the Punjab government, he started teaching philosophy temporarily at Government College, Lahore from May 10, 1910, but also continued to practice law. As time went on, the engagements increased. Relationships were established with many institutions and associations.
The journey to Hyderabad Deccan took place on March 18, 1910. Maulana Grami, Iqbal's old friend, was already there. During this visit, a friendly ceremony was held with Sir Akbar Haideri and Maharaja Kishan Prasad. He returned from Hyderabad on March 23. Aurangzeb landed in Aurangabad on his way to visit Alamgir's tomb. Stayed there for two days. Arrived at Lahore on March 28, 1910 and resumed his routine. It was becoming increasingly difficult to combine teaching and advocacy. He finally resigned from the Government College on December 31, 1910, but somehow maintained relations with the College. Iqbal was associated not only with a government college but also with many other universities in Punjab and the subcontinent. Examiners from Punjab, Aligarh, Allahabad, Nagpur and Delhi University. Apart from these, Bait-ul-Uloom also compiled pamphlets on the history of Islam for Hyderabad Deccan. Sometimes taking an oral exam He would also have to go to Aligarh, Allahabad and Nagpur. As an examiner, he had adopted an unwavering principle. The door of recommendation was closed even for a dear friend.
On March 2, 1910, he was appointed a Fellow of the Punjab University. Lala Ram Prasad, Professor of History, Government College, Lahore, co-authored a textbook, "History of India", which was published in 1913. He went on to become a member of the Oriental and Arts Faculty, the Senate and the Syndicate at various times. In 1919 he was appointed Dean of the Oriental Faculty. In 1923, he became a member of the Academic Council of the University, and in the same year he was also included in the Professorship Committee. Forced by his busy schedule, he resigned from the Academic Council, but was not let go by Surgeon Maynard, the university's vice-chancellor. He insisted so much that Marwat withdrew his resignation. During this time he was also a member of the Punjab Textbook Committee. He compiled a Persian textbook for matriculation students, Aina Ajam, which was published in 1927. Therefore, Iqbal was practically associated with Punjab University till 1932.
Shrine of Allama Iqbal
In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Muslim population of Punjab was at a standstill. There were two political factions within the Muslims, but both were alien to the real cultural, political and economic problems of the Muslims. The leadership of one of them was in the hands of Sir Muhammad Shafi and the other Sir Fazal Hussain also arrived with his supporters and it was decided to establish a Provincial Muslim League in Punjab. This decision was acted upon immediately. Mian Shah Din was made President and Sir Muhammad Shafi Secretary-General. Sir Fazal Hussain remained practically isolated. Iqbal used to have friendly relations with all these leaders but he kept himself aloof from practical politics.
Until 1911, most of the Muslim leaders of United India, according to Sir Syed, remained loyal to the British government, but between 1911 and 1912, the situation, which had been going one way, was suddenly reversed. Muslim politicians were in favor of partition of Bengal, the British wanted the same, but Hindus were strongly opposed to the plan. When they resorted to violence, the British government intervened. Partition of Bengal was canceled. The shock opened the eyes of Muslim leaders and exposed the flaws of their past ideology. He now realized that it was insufficient and meaningless to rely solely on the loyalty of the government or to adopt the constitutional means created by the British for the protection of his national and political life. According to Maulana Shibli Nomani, the abolition of the Partition of Bengal was tantamount to slapping the Muslims in the face, which turned their faces away.
When the abolition of Partition of Bengal was announced, on February 1, 1912, Muslims held a protest rally at Mochi Darwaza in Lahore, in which Iqbal also participated. The speakers delivered very emotional and passionate speeches. When it was Iqbal's turn, he became a beacon of greatness for the Muslims and said:
"Muslims must fight for their own development. What the Hindus have got so far, they have got only through their own efforts. Look at the history of Islam. European architects called the Arabian Peninsula a waste and a useless stone, saying that no foundation could be laid on it. The nations of Asia and Europe hated the Arabs, but when the Arabs regained consciousness and used their own means, this stone became the key to the sanctuary of the world's civilization, and by God! A powerful empire like Roma could not stand the flood of Arabs, this is the condition of the nation that stood on its own two feet! ''
With this speech, the momentary and unbridled enthusiasm in the assembly turned into a meaningful force needed for the living identity of his nation, which was still limited but had to expand further. It is true that there were signs of awakening in a few circles of Muslims, but the centers of this awakening were scattered like small islands, indifferent to each other. Consensus national leadership was not available. As a result, a trend of united Indian nationalism had emerged among the Muslims. Meetings of the Muslim League and the Hindu Congress began to take place simultaneously. Iqbal was now detached from practical politics but firmly adhered to the principle of Muslim nationalism that had been revealed to him during the establishment of England.
The period from his return from Europe to 1914 is the period of formation and completion of Iqbal's basic thought. World War I had begun in Europe. Its effects were also felt in India. The attitude of the British government became tougher and tougher which continued even after the end of the war. Movements against the British government had gained momentum.
On April 13, 1919, a protest rally was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. Except for General Dyer, he surrounded the crowd, opened fire indiscriminately, and killed hundreds. Although Iqbal had taken up residence at that time, the threat of an accident reached his heart. He recited these poems in memory of the dead:
It says every visitor to the garden soil
to plan attacks in the world not oblivious to
the desperate slips her blood shydan
not stingy when it tears Nihal
"I would have informed you of this honor myself, but in the world in which you and I live, such incidents are far from real. Hundreds of letters and wires have come and gone and I wonder why people value these things. All that remains is the danger that your heart has realized. So I swear by the glorious God in whose possession is my soul and my honor and I swear by the great and superior being because of whom I have faith in God and I am called a Muslim. I can't stop telling the truth. "
On March 30, 1923, at a meeting of the Anjuman-e-Hamaat-e-Islam, Iqbal recited his famous poem "Tolo-e-Islam". This poem was written on the occasion of the conquest of the Greeks by the Turks. What is the poem, the message of a bright future for Muslims
The proof of the bright morning is the twinkling of the stars. The
the sun has risen from the horizon.
The Khilafah Conference had aroused the sentiments of the Muslims of the subcontinent and kept them in its grip in such a way that the existence of the Muslim League had disappeared from sight. It was revived in 1924 by the constant efforts of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In Punjab, too, Muslim politics was in crisis. Civil and rural strife arose among the Muslims, which gave birth to the Unionist Party. During the 1923 provincial elections, Iqbal was urged to run for the Legislative Council, but he refused because his close friend Mian Abdul Aziz Barrister had announced his candidacy from the same constituency that was being proposed for Iqbal. Iqbal was engaged in advocacy as usual when 1926 came. The Punjab Legislative Council was to be re-elected this year. The friends insisted again. This time Mian Abdul Aziz also said that he would not stand against Iqbal but would help him. This time Iqbal agreed.
The formal announcement of candidature was published. Elections were held, obviously, Iqbal had to succeed. The Unionist Party was in the majority in the council. Iqbal joined the Unionist Party to use his power in the national interest of the Muslims, but when the irreversible flaws of the party became apparent, Iqbal split. The rest of the time was spent as a lone member. In the same year, he was made the secretary of the Punjab Provincial Muslim League, which opened the door to Muslim politics in the subcontinent. Now Iqbal had stepped into the field of practical politics. Spent time as a lone member. In the same year, he was made the secretary of the Punjab Provincial Muslim League, which opened the door to Muslim politics in the subcontinent. Now Iqbal had stepped into the field of practical politics. Spent time as a lone member. In the same year, he was made the secretary of the Punjab Provincial Muslim League, which opened the door to Muslim politics in the subcontinent. Now Iqbal had stepped into the field of practical politics.