Introduction 

1.1.  Background Sudan is the largest geographically African Muslim country in southern Egypt.  It has a population of 2,505,810 and a population of over 41,236,378.  85% are Muslims.  The capital is Khartoum.  The Red Sea is in the northeast of the country.  To the east is Ethiopia.  In the south, the country borders Kenya, Uganda, Congo and the Central African Republic.  Chad in the west and northwest.  The ancient history of Sudan is linked to the history of Egypt.  However, in the 19th century, Sudan seceded from Egypt for a few years and an independent state was established.  

In 1899, a joint Egyptian-British force advanced on Sudan and crushed it.  Under an agreement, Sudan will have a joint Egyptian-British government and the flags of both countries will be hoisted at the same time.  All administrative powers were in the hands of the Governor-General, who was appointed by Egypt on the recommendation of the British Government.  No foreign embassy could be established in Sudan without the permission of the British government.  As the grip of British imperialism on Egypt itself was strengthened in the twentieth century, power in Sudan was also in the hands of the British.  

2,505,810 sq km 
Population: 41,236,378 (2006) 
Muslims: 85% 

The attitude of British imperialism was very negative in Sudan.  This halted the political and economic development of the country.  The foreign government has always discouraged the guerrilla leadership and used it to reduce imperialism by increasing contacts with tribal chiefs.  No proper arrangements have been made for the publication of higher education but obstacles have been created in its way.  

Growing up in the country, in view of him, Governor General Serwart Signer (1933) tried to change the extent of this policy.  The development plans were developed, the education and health sectors were expanded, and efforts were made to establish cordial relations with the country's intelligentsia.  El Sudan began to have better opportunities for development in the fields of policing, agriculture and law, but these measures were insufficient and did not meet the requirements of the time.  In these circumstances, the country's literate class is 
There was dissatisfaction.  

12  Scenes in Political Parties
(a) In 1938, a thousand graduates founded the Graduate General Congress.  The word graduate here refers to the authoritative youth of the schools.  Although they included the son of Tertiary.  They had already set up graduate clubs in various cities where political issues were discussed.  Now they have united in the name of Congress and started political struggle.  Sudan no longer expected any good from Britain.  The fortress of Britain's so-called liberal claims had opened, so the eyes of the country's intelligentsia began to turn to Egypt for help.  When World War II broke out, Congress cooperated with the government and helped Britain in all its endeavors.  In return, the Congress leadership expected Britain to recognize him as the representative of the Sudanese nation, but it was disappointed because the British government would fall, not only because of the young leadership but also because it was afraid.  Mehdi Sudani propagated his ideas in the 19th century.  It was a remarkable success, and it was a force to be reckoned with.  Soon the whole of Sudan came to power.  However, after his death, his successors lost power and the country was annexed by Egypt and Britain in 189.  

However, there were a large number of his followers in the country.  They were called Ansar and followers of Mahdi's spiritual successor, the Imam.  The name of that time was Syed Abdul Man.  Anbardidi was originally a religious sect but in 1945 they formed a political party called the Meh Party.  Now the Manifesto of Coercion has been based on independence from the domination of both Egypt and Britain.  They were strongly opposed to Sudan's annexation of the Nile Valley to Egypt.  The source of strength of this party was mostly rural population and it remained prominent in politics till 1969. 

1. Before 1940, the word "penst" was used to refer to the school of thought of politicians who supported the unity of the Nile Valley, Egypt and Sudan, but now the word is used for all parties that are Mehdi and Mina Party.  Were against.  Opponents of the Mahdi continued to take the form of various parties.  Among them, Ashqar (Nage Bhai) party was formed in 1943 under the leadership of Ismail Al-Azhari.  The party joined the Khatamiya sect, an anti-Ansar sect.  Ishta worked day and night for party propaganda.  Especially in the big cities and towns, no opportunity for political manipulation was missed.  He had great success in the campaign of hatred against imperialism.  New groups were formed in the Bennett group.  The National Unionist Party (NUP) was formed in 1952.  After independence, it was replaced by the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

 2- Struggle for Independence

2.1- Advisory Council 
With the outbreak of World War II, the pressure of war on Britain increased greatly.  Italy invaded Sudan and occupied the year.  Italy was finally defeated in 1941, with the Sudanese army playing a key role.  Even after that, Sudan's importance in the war did not diminish and it continued to be an important link between the wars in North Africa.  Taking advantage of the situation, the Congress presented a memorandum to the government demanding that Sudan be given autonomy at the end of the war.  Cam Island should be taken into national ownership.  Civil service should be handed over to all of Sudan.  The British government rejected these demands, but it was necessary to somehow satisfy public opinion so that the war would not be affected, so an advisory council was set up.  The move did not satisfy public opinion, but the council was not only reluctant but also had limited powers.  The government offered Congress representation in the class but it refused.  However, the Ansar continued to co-operate in the formation and performance of the advisory council.

 2.2.  Assembly
The Sudan Administration Conference was held in 1946 on elected representatives.  I also boycotted this conference.  However, its decisions eventually led to the formation of a Legislative Assembly in 1948.  It was better than the advisory council because it was more advanced and had more powers than the council.  Despite this, it was less than the aspirations of the people of the country, so the Congress participated in the elections.  As a result, the majority of the assembly was not captured by the party.  The party's secretary general, Jazal Abdul Nat Lail, was elected to the assembly and held the post of prime minister. The party remained in power for the entire term of the assembly.  The party supported secession from Egypt and from Sudan Wanted complete freedom  It began to pressure Britain to end the old coalition government as soon as possible and to give the country sovereignty.  Ashqa and the Unionist group, on the other hand, were convinced of the unity of the Nile Valley.  However, it seems that they only wanted to form a united front against Britain along with Egypt.  Beyond that, he has no Dan program. His views on what the security situation would be in the event of a Thai-Egyptian-Sudanese alliance were unclear.  People used the word self-determination instead of the word freedom in their demands.  -

2.3.  The self-determination bill was drafted by the government in 1952 after strong criticism from all political circles in the country.  The aspects of the draft which were strongly criticized were as follows: The powers of the Governor-General were also unlimited in the system.  No deadline was set for self-determination.  No mechanism was set up to achieve complete independence.  

2.4.  Egypt's Attitude At a time when the British government was unwittingly moving towards Sudan's goal of independence, Egypt's attitude was becoming more important.  This later proved decisive.  From the beginning, Egypt has sought to include Sudan.  It also raised the issue at the United Nations in 1947, but the Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution calling for Sudan's first self-determination and advising Egypt and Britain to hold bilateral talks.  In 1951, the Egyptian government announced that by setting up an assembly, Britain had violated previous agreements under which it was decided to form a joint government in Sudan. Egypt then announced that the previous agreements had been annulled and  Now the ruler of Egypt, Shah Farouk, is the king of both Egypt and Sudan.  The announcement apparently complicated matters, but in 1952, Shah Farooq's government was overthrown and a revolutionary government came to power.  His head, General Najib, visited Cairo to appease Abi Sudan.

2 -5 convened a meeting of all political parties in Sudan.  In 1953, the government of Egypt and Sudan reached an agreement between the political parties, known as the "All Parties".  Russia decided that within three years, Sudan would have complete independence and self-determination.  In the meantime, elections will be held under international supervision.  Apart from these two important points, all other issues were also settled and thus no dispute remained between Egypt and Sudan.  

2.6  Independence Under these circumstances, all the doors of further excuse for Britain were closed.  Now he has no choice but to accept the key points of the all-party agreement.  As a result, negotiations took place between Egypt and Britain and a formal agreement was reached, which was followed by a nuclear party agreement.  Sudan's independence law was finally adopted in March 1953 based on these points.  General elections were held this year under international supervision.  The National Pens Party won a clear majority.  The party won 51 seats while the Umayyad Party won surf seats.  Al-Azhari has now been elected Prime Minister.  The Unionist government remained in power for two years before full independence, but at the same time public opinion continued to be in favor of complete independence and secession from Egypt.  The Ansar continued their political pressure for independence and in 1954 there was a riot.  Ansar Imam Syed Abdul Rahman specifically declared that he had no intention of establishing his kingdom over the country so as to allay the fears of his opponents.  At the same time, British officers were retiring and his magazine, Abi Sudan, was promoted.  By mid-1955, troops from both Britain and Egypt had left Sudan.  Now a referendum for independence was being planned.  Egypt and Britain also set conditions in this regard, but the situation quickly changed.  In December, all parties resolved their differences, and on December 19, 1955, Parliament unanimously declared that Kim would be fully independent from January 1956.  British Governor Jazelle had gone to Infantry for the Christmas holidays.  It was not his turn to return and Sudan was liberated on time.