Algeria

3.1 Introduction 
2381740 square kilometers 
Population: 32930,091 (July 2006) 
Algeria is the largest Islamic country in the Maghreb, also known as the "Maghreb Al-Awsat" in the Islamic world.  The current official Republic of Algeria.  Has been  It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, merchants to the southwest, Mali and Mauritania to the south.  

It is bordered by Tunisia to the northeast and Morocco to the east and Morocco to the west.  The climate is influenced by the Mediterranean climate in the north, while the desert climate in the south and west.  The northern regions have higher temperatures in summer and less cold in winter.  

In winter there is ear rain in the north, in the south and southwest the weather is dry and in summer it is very hot.  Raqi is nine hundred and nineteen thousand six hundred square miles.  There are many valleys in the country.  There are many plains and deserts.  

The Atlas Desert and the Til Atlas are famous mountain ranges.  There are earthquakes in Algeria.  In 1980, a devastating earthquake shook the Algerian city of Al-Asnam.  Algiers is the capital of the country.  Oran and Constantine are well-known cities. The population is 33,375,000. The majority are Arabs and Berbers. More than 95% are Muslims. The rest are Christians and Jews. Islam is the country's official religion.  Arabic is the official language of the country. French is also spoken. Berkubi has been the official language since 1998. Krani is the official language. 

3.2 - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 

1) In the nineteenth century, when European nations joined Asia and Africa.  When the race to divide began, a shadow of it fell on Algeria for the first time in sub-Saharan Africa, and was forcibly occupied by France in 1930. 

(2) But the local people also did not like the foreign power and strongly resisted it.  By the beginning of World War II, the independence movement had gained momentum and organized political parties had sprung up.  Under the enthusiastic leadership of national leaders such as Masal Anjat and Farhat Abbas, the Algerian nation has entered new stages of liberation. 

 3.3 World War II 

and the independence movement took place and like thirty other issues, World War II was also involved.  But even before the war began, French authorities suppressed Hatim's national activities.  In any case, like the Libyan and Tunisian Liberals, the Algerian nationalists sided with the Allies.  

The reason was that the allies were fighting in the name of democracy and they had promised to give freedom to the slave nations.  In 1940, when France was defeated by Germany, the national movement in Algeria revived.  Nationalists began to say that defeated France no longer had the right to rule Algeria, yet moderate leaders such as Farhat Abbas called for constitutional reform in 1942.  Fear of a memorandum called for the establishment of Algeria's Constituent Assembly through post-war public opinion.  

But the French government showed a cold shoulder.  In 1943, there was a renewed call for reform.  There was also a demand for making Arabic the official language.  The French government made some reforms to allay the Algerians' grievances, but Abel Al-Jazar was not satisfied and the independence movement gained momentum.  French authorities began plaques on it.  

In 1945, 15,000 Algerians were killed when national leaders were arrested and imprisoned.  In 1947, the French government held elections.  Algerian political parties took advantage of the situation and ran in the election, but the government rigged the election.  Disagreements between the French government and the nationalists then 

3.4 - Achieving independence 

Disappointed with the French government's approach, the Algerian nationalists now decided to liberate Algeria through jihad.  In August 1951, all the parties came together to form a united party.  All the leaders united.  Mali Alhaj, Farhat Abbas and Ben Yab gathered on one platform.  The goal of all is the liberation of Ibn al-Jazeera at the age of one.

The National Liberation Front started the Islamic Four.  And He divided them into nights and appointed them commanders in the tradition.  In October 1954, Front workers launched guerrilla warfare in 70 locations simultaneously.  The Mujahideen started raiding activities under their commanders which intensified day by day and how the whole country became influential.  

In September 1958, the Mujahideen established an independent government in Cairo with Farhat Abbas as its interim president.  Muhammad bin Yusuf Sadi became the Prime Minister of this government in 1961. The French government did its best to crush the independence movement.  Used 500,000 troops who carried out barbaric acts against the guerrillas, staged horrific demonstrations of oppression and barbarism.  

But the French government failed to corner the guerrillas.  It was French President Dial Pax who read the graffiti and was forced by guerrilla operations to abandon oppression and resort to negotiations.  Voted on the issue of Algeria.  Algeria voted overwhelmingly for independence.  But a terrorist group (OAS) obstructed the path to independence, carried out terrorist acts.  French President de Gaulle remained steadfast in his policy and negotiations with Mujahideen representatives continued.  

On March 19, 1962, the war ended under an agreement between the Mujahideen and the French forces.  In April 1962, an interim government was formed under the leadership of Abdur Rehman Farsi.  According to the agreement, on January 2, 1962, a referendum was held in Algeria and France.  

Algeria voted for independence.  On July 3, 1962, Algeria was liberated from 132 years of foreign slavery by French President de Gaulle.  Algeria's first post-independence Algerian government was formed under the leadership of Ben Bella and Farhat Abbas. In a referendum in September 1962, Ben Bel was elected president of Algeria, but the real power rested with the military.  Therefore, in June 1965, Kirill gambler Yumdeen seized power through a national revolution and established a 26-member revolutionary council with an immediate majority of members and imposed dictatorship in the country.  

In 1967, when the United States withdrew its diplomacy from Algeria for supporting the Arabs in the Arab-Israeli war, the components shifted to the Allies.  Karel Boumediene announced a number of initiatives to promote communism.  All the important ones went to the Qur'an and to the nation, and when the translation companies were taken over in 1971, the relations between the Qur'an and Algeria became tense.  

In a referendum in 1976, Boumediene became president for five years.  After his death in 1978, the Revolutionary Council took over the government.  This led to the resumption of the power struggle.  

In 1978, Shazli bin Abduh came to power.  But he left all power to his prime minister, Curry Bray.  Northern Relations

Tan Jadeed continued the former Loti Pani but ended it within France and the United States and their relations.  He developed relations with neighboring countries, especially South Africa.  In 1983, Habib Bourkia, the president of Tawas, and in July 1983, Libyan President Omar Gaddafi visited Al Jazeera. 

In January 1984, Shazli bin Jeddah Mir held a referendum.  In which he received 95% of the vote and was elected President of the Islands.  The demand for political freedoms gained momentum during his tenure.  There were violent protests and riots across the country.  Finally, with the abolition of the one-party system in 1989, conditional permission was granted to form political parties. 

 In Algeria's first party elections in June 1990, the Islamic Salvation Front emerged as the country's largest political party with 55 percent of the vote.  General elections were scheduled for June 1991, but were postponed and a state of emergency was declared in the country to stifle opposition voices.  The army launched an operation against the Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami Salvation Front, capturing its headquarters and detaining 100 workers.  

The state of emergency ended as a result of a strong public reaction.  In the first round of the December 1991 elections, the Islamic Salvation Front won 188 of the 231 seats, and the ruling FLN won only 15 seats.  This astonishing victory of the Islamists caused a wave of concern in the Western world.  Under intense external pressure, not only were the second round of elections postponed, but the results of the first round were also canceled and a state of emergency was declared in the country.  

This marked the beginning of the end of the civil war in the country.  The country's power was handed over to the five-member High Security Council.  The Islamic Salvation Front strongly protested the government's move.  

But instead of acknowledging their demands, the government resorted to arrests and violence against the leaders of the Islamic Salvation Front.  From now on, the chain of lawlessness in the country became longer.  The 1997 elections were boycotted by the Islamic Salvation Front and a coalition government was formed in Algeria after other parties failed to win a clear majority, but the deteriorating law and order situation did not abate.  

Even from 1991 to 1998, more than one lakh people were killed.  Now, in the 1999 presidential election, Abdel Aziz Bouteflika was elected the new president of Algeria.  He vowed to restore law and order in the country by January 2008 under a peace plan.  According to a government announcement in January 2008, 80 Federated Zionists surrendered, but the confrontation between the government and the people did not end and violence against women by Islamic groups escalated.

The June 2002 general election led to the formation of the FLN government, and in 2004 Bouteflika was twice elected president of Algeria.  This has led to many more problems such as ignorance, poverty, unemployment and inflation and the area is still suffering from internal turmoil.  It is hoped that peace will prevail in the times to come.  

2.5 Economy 

Algeria is an economically important country in the West.  It is basically a gold country.  Only 3% of the area is cultivable.  The coastal areas and valleys in the north are very fertile.  The first fertile lands were occupied by foreigners.  Now the foreigners have been expelled.  Metro that government control of the land has been regained.  

Wheat, jogi, potatoes, grapes, figs, olives, salads, lemons and pulses are notable in gold production.  In addition, Algeria is rich in mineral resources.  Oil and natural gas are the most important.  Oil began to flow in 1952. 

 Algeria is now the world's tenth largest oil producer.  Algeria accounts for 10% of the world's case reserves.  Iron, phosphates, zinc, tannins, are other important minerals.  Prohibition of these mineral resources has been a major factor in development.  Numerous factories have been set up in the country.  Fertilizer breakers and textile factories in particular are noteworthy.  The fishing industry is also quite stable.  This also brings huge income to the country.  Algerians go to Europe in large numbers to work.  This increases the country's foreign exchange. 

3.6 - Foreign Policy 


Like other Islamic countries in the Maghreb, bilateral relations with Al Jazeera and Pakistan are very fraternal.  Islam, Islamic traditions and culture are the eternal foundations of this relationship.  In addition, both have been the victims of foreign domination since the day before yesterday.  Both have had to go through rivers of fire and blood to gain freedom.  Therefore, it is natural for both of them to express deep devotion in each other's affairs.